高节竹梢枯病发生规律及防治试验

在掌握高节竹梢枯病Arenrinium phaeospermurn发生规律的基础上，对10种杀菌剂进行室内药效测定，选出的70％甲基托布津、50％多菌灵、80％402乳剂、40％异稻瘟净、20％粉锈宁等5种杀菌剂对暗孢节菱孢菌有较强的抑菌作用。野外防治试验表明，采用综合治理措施，防治效果可达88．2％。     

马尾松对松材线虫病抗病性差异的研究进展

松材线虫病是松树的一种毁灭性病害,不同种源的马尾松的抗病性存在差异.就马尾松对松材线虫病的抗病性差异研究进展进行了综述.目前,马尾松抗病性的研究主要有以下5个方面:①不同树龄与抗病性之间的关系;②不同地理种源马尾松对松材线虫病抗病性的差异;③与种源抗病性有关的主要成分;④马尾松的诱导抗病性;⑤马尾松抗病育种.马尾松的抗病性与多种因素有关系,通常具有抗性的马尾松一般生长状况较好;马尾松的抗病物质很复杂,到目前为止,人们已经发现了马尾松的一些抗病物质的种类,并对这些物质的结构进行了研究,但对这些抗性物质的产生和马尾松抗病机理还有待于进一步的研究.     

球孢白僵菌×蜡蚧轮枝孢菌(BV制剂)对松墨天牛幼虫寄生试验初报

用球孢白僵菌(Beauveriabassiana)、蜡蚧轮枝孢菌(Verticilliumlecanii)及2种菌混合物配制成0 5×109～5 0×109孢子/mL,在室内和野外对松墨天牛幼虫进行了防治试验。室内试验结果表明,球孢白僵菌和蜡蚧轮枝孢菌对松墨天牛幼虫均有较强的致病性,2种菌混合使用致病作用倍增。球孢白僵菌对松墨天牛的寄生率为5%～32%,平均20%;蜡蚧轮枝菌的寄生率为2 9%～25%,平均14 9%;2种菌混合物寄生率为12%～76%,平均47 9%。野外试验表明,球孢白僵菌防治效果为50 43%,蜡蚧轮枝孢菌防治效果为38 66%,2菌混合物防治效果为69 69%。     

Promotion of the population growth of pinewood nematode in 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings by pretreatment with simulated acid rain

Simulated acid rain (SAR) at three pH levels (pH 4, 3, 2) was applied to only the top or both the top and roots of 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings repeatedly for two months. Then the seedlings were inoculated with a virulent isolate (S10) of pinewood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The exposure to SAR at any level did not kill the seedlings. When inoculated with nematodes, however, the nematode population build-up was significantly higher in the seedlings pretreated with SAR at any level than in the control at the 7th and 17th day after inoculation, and subsequent disease symptom development was also significantly accelerated by the exposure to SAR at pH 2 and 3. This result indicates that even acid rain at pH 4 has the potential for promoting population growth of pinewood nematodes in 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings.     

Genetic improvement in pine wilt disease resistance inPinus thunbergii: The effectiveness of pre-screening with an artificial inoculation at the nursery

Open pollinated progenies from 15 clones of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii), that had been selected for their tolerance to pine wilt disease, were tested by artificial inoculation with pine wood nematode for six years at a nursery of Kyushu Regional Breeding Office. Family variations in the respective year were all significant. An analysis of variance across the six years’ tests confirmed highly significant effect of year and of families; however, the year by family interaction was significant also. Phenotypic and genetic variances estimated from each year’s result were fitted to a quadratic regression using their mean survival ratio as an independent variable. The variances were greatest at around 0.5 of the mean survival ratio. Estimated heritability showed a similar trend of change, whereas the peak of the expected amount of improvement shifted toward the lower survival range: around 0.4, where a greater selection differential was anticipated. It was concluded that a useful amount of genetic improvement that may be reduced by 30% due to the interaction, would be expected by prescreening seedlings where the mean survival ratio after inoculation was around 0.25 to 0.6.     

Comparison of stand dynamics after dieback caused by pine wilt disease among pine forests with different management regimes in western Japan

In pine forests damaged by pine wilt disease, in western Japan, the effect of protection regimes of pine trees on the stand dynamics were examined in the following four stands: (1) lightly damaged stand (age 30–40 years) with no procedure in operation for protecting pine trees; (2) severely damaged stand (age 30–40 years) with no procedure in place for protecting pine trees; (3) severely damaged stand (age 50 years) with a selective cutting of infected trees; (4) severely damaged stand (age 30–40 years) with a selective cutting of infected trees. All the stands had been abandoned before the pine wilt disease damage. The understory structure of the severely damaged stand with no protection procedure was similar to that of the lightly damaged stand. Frequent invasion by tree species and acceleration in the growth of understory trees occurred after the dieback in the selective cutting stand. These results suggest that a deficiency in the canopy layer caused by the dieback resulted in low disturbance intensity in the early stages after the dieback, but the selective cutting increased the intensity by the reduction in the understory as well as the canopy layer. The intensity of the disturbance in the selective cutting stands was larger in the younger stand because it had a higher density of selectively cut pine trees. The different stand structure of pine forests occurred after the dieback because the intensity of the disturbance varied as a result of the selective cutting operation and the stand age.     

进境美国苜蓿草中苜蓿黄萎病菌的检疫鉴定

从一批进境的美国苜蓿草样品中分离得到了一株与苜蓿黄萎病菌(Verticillium albo-atrum)相似的分离物M1。该分离物原始菌落为白色,边缘规则呈圆形,菌丝较致密,气生菌丝较少,苜蓿组织块不被菌丝覆盖,菌落生长速度为小于2.5 mm/d;M1在PDA上进行纯培养,前6d内,菌落为白色圆形,容易产生分子孢子轮枝状分生孢子梗,7d后菌落中央表面因产生休眠菌丝开始变成黑褐色至黑色,20d后菌落的表面和背面大部分均变黑色,仍不产生微菌核和厚垣孢子。M1的DNA用V.albo-atrum特异引物Vaa1/Vaa2进行检测,PCR扩增后得到预期330 bp的产物片段,产物序列与V.albo-atrum相应序列的相似性为100%。该分离物接种苜蓿草根部,15d后引起苜蓿黄萎病的典型症状。根据分离物的形态特征、PCR检测结果、PCR产物序列分析,以及致病性测定结果,将进境美国苜蓿草样品中的分离物M1鉴定为苜蓿黄萎病菌。     

苯并噻二唑甲酸三氟乙酯诱导仙客来抗枯萎病的研究

为了明确新型化合物苯并噻二唑甲酸三氟乙酯对土传病害的诱导抗病作用,本文研究了该化合物诱导仙客来对枯萎病的抗病效果。通过叶面喷施苯并噻二唑甲酸三氟乙酯可诱导仙客来对枯萎病的抗病效果,在仙客来移栽缓苗后7d叶面喷施该化合物,不同浓度对枯萎病的抗病效果不同,其中100mg.L-1的处理,在诱导后25、30和35d的抗病效果分别为82.90%、58.59%和64.17%;在仙客来成株枯萎病发病初期用该化合物诱导,抗病效果仍可达63.91%,显著高于噁霉灵处理（47.63%）。该研究将为寻求通过叶面喷雾施药防治园艺作物土传病害的新途径起到参考作用。     

不同向日葵品种对黄萎病的抗性*

采用浸根接种法鉴定不同向日葵种质资源对黄萎病的抗性差异。结果表明：40份供试向日葵品种依据抗性划分标准共分为3类,其中中抗品种有5份如：‘118’、‘新葵杂5号’等;低抗品种有8份如‘767’、‘KJ003’等;其余27份供试材料均呈现感病;没有鉴定出免疫和高抗的向日葵品种。     

西瓜枯萎病综合防治研究进展

西瓜枯萎病是一种重要的土传和种传真菌病害,给西瓜生产带来巨大威胁。本文从嫁接防治、抗病育种、农业防治、化学防治和生物防治等方面对生产中西瓜枯萎病的综合防治方法进行了论述。